Surface forms of organic soils in the Prairie Provinces

Flat bog

A low‑relief peatland with a level surface, where waterlogged, nutrient‑poor conditions promote the slow accumulation of organic matter and the dominance of sphagnum mosses and other bog vegetation.

Horizontal fen

A horizontal fen formed where mineral‑rich groundwater flows evenly across a broad, gently sloping surface, creating a continuously saturated wetland carpeted by sedges, mosses, and low shrubs.

Peat plateau bog

An elevated, ice‑rich peatland underlain by permafrost, standing above surrounding wetlands.

Ribbed Fen

A patterned, groundwater‑fed peatland characterized by alternating peat ridges and wet hollows aligned across water flow.